The sample of glycerol layer was analyzed for glycerol content by using AOCS procedure. The resolution was 1cm-1 and 15 scans. The carrier gas was helium with flow rate of 1.
A sample volume of 0. Reaction Temperature 23 The rate of reaction is influenced by the reaction temperature as per kinetics of reaction. Generally the reaction was conducted close to the boiling point of the methanol at the atmospheric pressure.
The maximum yield of esters was observed at temperature ranging from 60 to C. Further increase in temperature has negative effect on the conversion. Studies have also indicated that sufficient time for reaction and temperature are important parameters for the better results.
Ratio of alcohol to oil 24 Higher molar ratio of alcohol to vegetable oil interferes in the separation of glycerol. On the other hand with lower molar ratio, required more reaction time and conversion increases but recovery decreases. It was also found that optimum molar ratio depend upon type and quality of oils. The mixing effect is most significant during the slow rate region of the trans-esterification reaction. It is the most valuable tool for the transesterification process, while study the kinetics of reaction.
In the reaction the different molar ratios of methanol and oil are being used. The NaOH is more frequently used as catalyst in the process than acids and enzymes. The different amounts of catalyst give different yields of biodiesel, glycerin and soap.
The different concentration of catalyst leads to formation of different yields of biodiesel. If the concentration of catalyst is increases biodiesel yield is decreases and formation of soap increases. In the present work, effect of reaction time from minutes on reaction yield was investigated it was found that the reaction time was increases more than two hours the ester yield is decreases slightly.
Effect of stirring speed in rpm 27 The effect of stirring speed of the mixture was varied from rpm to rpm. Based on the experimental observations it can be seen the rpm stirring speed gives maximum product output, therefore this is chosen as the optimum stirring speed for the remaining experiments. It is important to first determine the FFA content of oil.
The free fatty acid FFAs number of crude Neem oil 2. The stirring speed, reaction time, catalyst concentration and temperature were kept constant. The soap formation in the case of Neem is 0. From the Figure 4 and Table 1, it is known that molar ratio was optimized for biodiesel preparation.
The results of yield of biodiesel with varying temperatures were given in Table 2 and Figure 5. The soap formation at highest yield of Neem is 0. The glycerine formation at highest yield of Neem oil is 9. Table 3 and Figure 6 represent the results of biodiesel yield with different time intervals.
The soap formation at highest yield of Neem oil is 0. The glycerin formation at highest yield of Neem oil is 7. The results of biodiesel yield with different stirring speeds were shown in Table 4 and Figure 7. The soap formation at highest yield of Neem oil is 1. The glycerine formation at highest yield of Neem oil is 7.
Table 5 and Figure 8 was depicts the results of biodiesel yield with different catalyst concentrations. Discussion of final result To achieve maximum yield of biodiesel from non-edible seed oils, alkali based transesterification was carried out.
The yields of methyl esters of Neem oilis investigated by changing parameters like molar ratio , temperature C , stirring speed rpm and reaction time 2 hrs. The highest conversion rate was obtained with the catalyst concentration of 0.
When the catalyst concentration increased to 0. This is because the higher amount of catalyst may cause soap formation. Soap formation reduces catalyst efficiency, causes an increase in viscosity, leads to gel formation and makes the separation of glycerol difficult. Table 6 gives the comparative results of Neem oil biodiesel with HS diesel.
Viscosity High viscosity is the major problem preventing the use of vegetable oils and animal fats directly in diesel engines as it affects the flow of fuel and spray characteristics. Density The density of Neem oil biodiesels at Cwas found to be 1. Flash point Flash point is the temperature that indicates the overall flammability hazards in the presence of air; higher flash points make for safe handling and storage of biodiesel.
The flash points of Neem oil biodiesel is C, which are higher than that of HSD C- C which makes for safe handling and storage.
Sulphur contents The most valuable result is the reduction and absence of percentage of total sulphur contents in Neem oil biodiesel is that will result in reduction of SOx in exhaust gases which is one of the reasons of acid rain.
Cloud point and pour point Cloud point is the temperature at which a cloud of wax crystals first appear in the oil when it is cooled. The pour point is the lowest temperature at which the oil sample can still be moved. These properties are related to the use of biodiesel in colder region. The cloud points of Neem oil biodiesel is C and the pour point are 90C. Pour point and cloud point of all oils were almost within the specified range.
Argued that the cloud points were affected by the presence of monoglycerides while the pour points were not affected H. The position of carbonyl group in FT-IR is sensitive to substituent effects and to the structure of the molecule. The methoxy ester carbonyl group in Neem oil biodiesel was appeared at The band appeared at cm-1 showed the overtone of ester functional group. The peak observed at cm-1 which corresponds to C-O.
This functional group transformation has confirmed the formation of biodiesel, as the major functional group is the methyl ester. The FA compositions of Neem oils The compositions of fatty acids of Neem are analyzed by using gas chromatography. The use of mass spectrometer would eliminate any ambiguities about the nature of eluting materials since mass spectra unique to individual compounds would be obtained.
Fatty acids FA components of Neem oil mentioned in the table. Neem oil containing The fatty acids like Eicosenic acid, Docosanoic acid and Tetracosanoic acids were absent in Neem oil.
Whereas Kaizen and other Lean methods take a production process as a given and seek to make improvements, the Production Preparation Process 3P focuses on eliminating waste through product and process design.
With 3P, the teams spend several days with a singular focus on the 3P event working to develop multiple alternatives for each process step and evaluating each alternative against manufacturing criteria e. The goal is typically to develop a process or product design that meets customer requirements best in the "least waste way". The typical steps in a 3P event are described below. The team seeks to understand the core customer needs that need to be met. If a product or product prototype is available, the project team breaks it down into component parts and raw materials to assess the function that each plays.
A fishbone diagram or other type of illustration is created to demonstrate the flow from raw material to finished product.
The project team then analyzes each branch of the diagram or each illustration and brainstorms keywords e. The 3P cross-functional team should include designers, engineers i. Using lean principles, the cross-functional team creates a mock-up of the product and walks through how the product will flow through the factory.
Mock-ups may be made from cardboard, plastic foam, wood or any other material that makes sense. Multiple 3P events are usually required throughout the design and development phases of a new product. Feel free to use the picture, just give attribution — small footnote referencing resourcesystemsconsulting.
I am preparing a 3P Workshop and would like to use your picture with the guy in a stripped shirt and team discussing somthing around a mock-up production cell.
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