With this in mind, damental factors in the development of young children this paper provides an initial exploration of the evolu- and adolescents. Perhaps for this reason, parents and tion of clapping games in Spain and Catalonia, while teachers in Western society still often refer to playground highlighting themes that invite further research. It is an exploratory study, cov- like a great blank screen where anything adults want to ering the evolution of clapping games from the s project finds a place.
In fact, clapping games supply a until the present day. Our goal was to analyze the evo- clear example of horizontal cultural transmission and lution of this cultural product, which is generally asso- social learning that occurs through messages repeated ciated with the school playground, a place where chil- every day in school playgrounds.
The cul- texts that exist beyond its boundaries. Themes of death, violence, murder, and games in school playgrounds. In the School Playground fact, only by assuming that these singing games play a Numerous studies carried out in different fields relevant social and cultural role can we explain their show that music plays a special role in the task of build- lasting presence, propagation, and survival in school ing or negotiating narratives and discourses.
We agree that volved and demand analysis: melody, rhythm, the body, music is dialectical and ranges from the acceptance of movement, space, interpersonal relations, and so on. In fact, games are usually passed on through observation and tradition and folklore historically play a twofold—con- imitation, with younger children learning from older scious or unconscious—role of reinforcement and sub- children Grugeon On a linguistic level, there is version of the establishment Ackerley ; Bishop and frequent use of meaningless words and phrases Bau- Burn Therefore, what is Various authors have analyzed activities similar considered socially acceptable exists alongside what is to clapping games.
Particular mention should be made considered socially wrong, with the latter actually being of the contributions of Janice Ackerley , Laurie what attracts children most Bauer and Bauer This is an idea ly and negotiated Grugeon ; Thorne ; Bhana, other authors also draw attention to, such as Bhana, Nzimakwe, and Nzimakwe The observation of a Nzimakwe, and Nzimakwe However, Ackerley school playground very clearly reveals the existence of goes a step further and suggests a need to inves- some spaces and activities more associated with boys tigate whether the way adults interpret these songs is and others more typical of girls Bonal ; Willet consistent with the interpretations and meanings chil- While football and other team sports, or other dren ascribe to them.
Apart from containing messag- activities requiring physical strength, are often the main es that transgress adult understandings of power and way boys manifest their masculinity in accordance with gender roles, such as those held by teachers, the police, hegemonic discourse Swain ; Ridgers et al.
The author also mentions that they are more Opie and Opie ; Ackerley ; Minks ; Bha- typical of girls than boys, especially those that touch on na, Nzimakwe, and Nzimakwe She underscores One of the most popular types of singing games that the female figure plays an increasingly active part in playgrounds around the world is the clapping game: in rhymes, with lyrics that even include explicit acts of Atlantis With respect to age, she points of eight to ten years as the point when they are most out that this recreational repertoire is most popular popular and speculates on the impact of the mass media during middle childhood, between the ages of eight and on the creation or modification of this type of song.
He ten. Finally, it is worth noting that she always considers also notes that the songs are always in Spanish, despite children as active subjects not only in regard to the ac- the fact that the mother tongue of many of the children tivity itself, but also in terms of creativity: in the study was Catalan and that the ban on this lan- guage in schools had been lifted over ten years earlier. As mentioned above, though With regard to creativity, Bauer and Bauer clapping games are an everyday schoolyard activity, explain that many clapping games are the fruit they often invoke an out-of-the-ordinary space and of the combination of two previously existing songs or moment in time.
Clapping games only appear in some texts. They also affirm that this cultural product is con- songbooks and in broader studies of folklore, oral tradi- stantly changing and adapting to the socio-cultural con- tions, and gender.
Consequently, further discussion in text and individual needs, with current fashions having Catalan and Spanish scientific literature about the rela- a clear influence. Finally, Minks an- cela , and some educational articles Romero and alyzes two singing games and underscores the fact that Romero We note that that this type of activ- and individually experienced by human beings?
Un- ity has not been classified by any of the leading twenti- derstanding music as an action or activity Small , eth-century folklorists Riera It also implies both diachronic and synchronic extensive research has been carried out on clapping perspectives,3 and simultaneously assumes the influ- games in Spain Riera and Casals With the aim of collecting the among which she includes clapping games—is created repertoire and the narratives of people from different or re-created by the children themselves.
The sample, values and ideas about the world. He identifies the ages which was not intended to be representative, was select- Atlantis Specifically, eight peo- leading up to their adoption as the playground game ple in each age group of twelve to twenty-nine, thirty to par excellence of girls.
Group interviews of between two and four people were con- Historical Background of Clapping Games in Catalonia ducted with participants from the first two age cohorts,and Spain while individual interviews were preferred in the case Clapping games underwent an important of the oldest participants.
With regard to gender, many change in the late s and early s in Catalonia more women than men were interviewed, the latter and Spain. We argue that the decline of Spanish nation- constituting only twenty percent of the sample.
All the alism and the effervescence of the feminist and progres- interviews were recorded for later in-depth analysis. Finally, ways conducted by the same researcher. In these guid- the emergence of mixed schools and the relaxation of ed conversations, the interviewees were prompted to gender roles in the late s and early s consoli- explain and discuss their experience with this type dated the changes in clapping games.
Apart from the popular songs, socio-cultural context, and so on. Ideologically, the Civil War resulted in the victory then discuss the lyrics and their interpretation of eachof the most conservative factions including the army, of the songs.
Catholic Church, and the aristocracy over the progres- The interviews by age cohort were complement- sive governments that had ruled during the first half of ed by observations made during eight school days in the s.
Among other measures, the Franco regime a pre- and primary school playground children aged took great pains to impose a traditional family model from three to twelve in the same town. As within the public sphere. This meant that women were de- the interviews described above, this field work was alsopendent on men and had to play a subordinate role in recorded on video for later analysis. In this context, the femi- Data analysis brought to light forty-one differ-nine stereotype was placed in opposition to the mascu- ent clapping games, many with numerous variations.
According to feminist and sociological litera- They constitute a sample of the repertoire existing in ture see Bosch, Ferrer, and Navarro , some of the playgrounds from to see Annex and pro- terms used to describe the women of that time were: vide interesting data on roles, stereotypes, and gender emotional, fearful, lacking initiative or decision-mak- construction.
All data collected has been translated by ing capacity, compliant, generous, and caring. This so- the authors from Spanish to English. Some of the find- cially hegemonic discourse was justified by assumed ings are described below.
Then, Clapping Games in the Playgrounds of Catalonia in the late s, owing to the influence of internation- The characteristics and functions of clapping al feminist movements and a certain weakening of the games in Catalonia—and by extension in Spain—are dictatorship, new assertive voices and discourses de- much the same as what was described initially about manding a change of model began to make themselves this type of singing game in other cultural contexts.
However, certain aspects of the socio-cultural context The repertoire of clapping games collected in do condition and set them apart. The collected testimo- this study indicates that this type of singing game did Atlantis Social justice advocacy group Black Women's Blueprint reports that 60 percent of black girls experience sexual assault before they are 18 , a rate much higher than their white peers.
That is what sisterhood feels like. When it goes outside those norms, that's when it's inappropriate, and you have the right to stand up and say, 'No. Forced to choose between being stereotyped as jezebel or angry black feminist, "black girls do not get to be girls and their behavior is more likely to be criminalized," Smith noted during her presentation at the American Education Research Association AERA conference.
One young girl Smith worked with summed up the experience of black girls in school: "When I talk in class, I get in trouble. To make up for systemic erasures of black girl experiences, "we need to create spaces for black girls to tell their stories and experiences of black girlhood," Smith argues.
Through improvisation, syncopation that hinges on connection and cooperation, and embodied musical performance, the Black Girls Hand Games Project is taking that step.
The project is working on an album of hand game remixes, all by women artists; they've begun offering beat-making and music production demos for girls; and they're working on building capacity to offer workshops as a series or semester-long learning experience.
Image Source: Adapted from Epstein, R. Reprinted with permission. Reclaiming Black Girlhood with Hand Games. Laura Varlas. Climb up my sticker tree. Slide down my lightning. I also loved action songs from camp. But they were still a lot fun. My favorite camp song is Boomerang Chili Chili. I can still remember dancing and singing it at safety patrol camp. Hands up! Chili chili, chili chili chili Hands down!
Chili chili, chili chili chili Turn around! Chili chili, chili chili chili. Show us how you boomerang! Photo by Sitternook. Anyone know the one im talking about?? Your email address will not be published. This is the game you and your friends played when you wanted to get away with twerkin'. It was also a great way to show off your dance moves and see if your friend's stanky leg was better than yours. Similar to jig-a-low, punchanella gave you a chance to show off your moves and twerk a lil somethin' if you wanted.
We have a feeling someone came up with this after they got tired of drinking from the water hose while they were outside If your hands weren't stinging and your wrists weren't tired, you didn't do it right. Miss Mary Mack This is one of the few hand games you could do in front of your grandma without getting smacked upside your head. Down, Down Baby This is the most interesting retelling of a doctor's appointment I've ever heard.
Rockin' Robin This one was a team effort. Momma's in the kitchen, cookin' rice Daddy's on the corner, shootin' dice Brother's in jail, raisin' hell Sister's on the corner selling fruit cocktail The dirty versions of this game were responsible for more ass whoopins than saying lie instead of telling stories.
Down by the Banks of the Hanky Panky This is another one that has a few remixes, but what can you expect when the song has hanky panky in the title?
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