Tout le monde est rentr6 chez Everyone went home. KeY Points y' fhe French indirect object pionouns are: me m' , te t' , lui in 4 When to use emphatic pronouns the singular, and nous, vous, leur in the plural. He's getting on my nerves! Ge sont eux. It's them. You're younger than me. He's smaller than you are. Grammar Extra! You can add -mme or -m6mes to the emphatic pronouns when you particularly want to emphasize something.
These forms correspond to English myself, ourselves and so on. Je I'ai fait moi-m6me. I did it myself. Elle l'a choisi elle-m6me. She chose it herself. For further explanation of grammatical terms, please see pages viii'xii. Possessive pronouns Grammar Ertra! What is a possessive pronoun? Do you prefer this coat to mine? J'ai besoin l've forgotten my keys.
I need hers des tiennes, yours. Ces CD-ld, ce sont les miens. Those CDs are mine. Key points Heureusement que tu as tes It's lucky you've got your keys. J'ai oubli6 les miennes. Their forms change in the feminine and the plural. In French, possessive pronouns agree with what they describe, NOT with the person who owns that thing. For example, le sien can mean his or hers, but can only be used to replace a masculine singular noun. J'eo ai besoin. She spends the whole summer quelque chose there.
Je pense Look in the drawer. I think the keys trds fier. Qtre fier de quelque chose. Je n'ai pas d'argent. Tu en as? Have you got any? J'gn veux.
I want some. Elle en a parl6 avec She talked to me about it. Comment fait-on pour y aller? How do you get there? For more information on the Portitive article, see poge N'y pense plus. Don't think about it any more. Take some. Stay there. Cive some sweets to your brother. Cive some to your brother. J'en veux deux. I want two of them.
Va dans ta chambre! Go to your room! Vis;y Co on! Using different types of pronoun together Donnez-leur-en. Cive them some. D Sometimes you find a direct object pronoun and an indirect object pronoun ll m'en a parl6. He spoke to me about it in the same sentence.
He gave me indirect obiect them direct obiect. When this happens in French, you have to put the indirect and direct obiect Key points pronouns in a certain order. Dominique vous l'envoie Dominique's sending it to you y' en andy usually come before the verb, except in orders and demain. Has he shown them to you? Je les lui ai lus. Ne la leur donne pas. Don't give it to them. Elle ne m'en a pas parl6. She didn't speak to me about it.
Key points y' lf a direct and an indirect object pronoun are used in the same sentence, you usually put the indirect object pronoun before the direct object pronoun. For further explanation of grammatacal terms, please see pages viii-xii. An indefinite pronoun is one of a small group of pronouns such as everything, nobody and something which are used to refer to people or 'What did you buy?
He's eaten nothing. Here are the most common French indefinite pronouns: o chacun masculine singular lchacune feminine singular each, everyone. He's organizing everything. Tout va bien? Chacun fait ce qu'il veut. Everyone does what they like. Je les connais tous. I know them all. Elles sont toutes arriv6es? Are they all here? There's no one at home.
She doesn't want to see anybody. Key points y' rlen and personne can be used on their own to answer questions, but need to be used with ne when there is a verb in Oui sait la r6ponse? Who knows the answer? No one. Avez-vous quelque chose i Do you have anything to declare?
There's someone at the door. Ouelqu'un a vu mon parapluie? Has anybody seen my umbrella? She didn't say anything.
Rien n'a chang6. Nothing's changed. What is a relative pronoun? For example, we can say both the friends thot I see most, ol the friends I see most, and the house which we wqnt to buy, or the house we wont to buy.
Subject qui who which Masculine Feminine Meaning that Singular lequel laquelle which Direct object que who, whom Plural lesquels lesquelles which which that le livre pour lequel elle est the book she is famous for GOnnue Mon frdre, qui a vingt ans, est My brother, who's twenty, is at il'universit6. Remember that ir and de combine with the definite article le to become au Les amis que je vois le plus The friends that see most are L6a and du, and with les to become aux and des.
C'est moi. It's me. That was my brother. Ce sont eux. Qa 6t6 difficile. It was difficult. Note that after c'est and ce sont and so on you have to use the emphatic form of the pronoun, for example, moi instead of je, eux instead of ils and so on. Q For more informotion on Emphotic pronount see poge D ce is used: o with a noun or a question word to identify a person or thing Oui est-ce?
Who is it? Ce sont des professeurs. They're teachers. Ou'est-ce que c'est? C'est un ouvre'boite. It's a tin-opener. C'est dangereux. Plural ceux celles the ones Ce n'est pas grave. It doesn't matter. Take the ones you like best. Both refer to a statement, an idea or an celui proche de la fontaine the one near the fountain obfect. Qa ne fait rien. In English, we would use 's.
Cela d6pend. Je n'ai pas d'appareil photo I haven't got a camera but I can Je n'aime pas cela. I don't like that. Comparez vos r6ponses d Compare your answers with your celles de votre voisin.
Qa te plait d'aller d l'6tranger? Do you like going abroad? Masculine Feminine Meaning L ceci means fhis and is not as common as cela and ga. Read this. Plural ceux-cl celles-ci these, these ones ceux-lir celles-lir those, those ones ceci is also used to hand or show someone something.
Prends ceci. Tu en auras besoin. Take this. You'll need it. On prend quel fromage? Which cheese shall we get? This Celui-ci ou celui-ld?
Ces chemises ont deux poches These shirts have two pockets but tr celui, celle. The form you choose depends on whether the noun it is replacing is masculine or feminine, and singular or plural. VERBS y'. A verb is a 'doing' word which describes what someone or something on that cannot be crassed ;J:,fi:"J;"" n:T:?
The three coniugations They are often found with the endings -ci and -li and are used D Verbs are usually used with a noun, with a pronoun such as I, you or she, or to distinguish between things which are close and things which with somebody's name.
They can relate to the present the past and the are further away. Verbs are either:. The base form can have fo in front of it for example, to wolk. This is called the infinitive. You will find one of these forms when you look a verb up in your dictionary.
D French verbs also have an infinitive, which ends in -er, -ir or -re, for example, donner meaning to give , finir meaning to finish , attendre meaning to woit. Regular French verbs belong to one of these three verb groups, which are called conjugations.
We will look at each of these three conjugations in turn on the next few pages. D French verbs have many more forms than this, which are made up of endings added to a stem. The stem of a verb can usually be worked out from the infinitive. French verbs also have different forms depending on whether you are referring to the present, future or past. Some verbs in French do not follow the normal rules, and are called The present tense irregular verbs.
These include some very common and important verbs like avoir meaning to hove , tre meaning to be , faire meaning to do, to What is the present tense? There is information on many of these The present tense is used to talk about what is true at the momenf what irregular verbs in the following sections.
D You use a verb in the present tense to talk about: Key points y' French verbs have different forms depending on what noun or o things that are happening now pronoun they are used with, and on their tense.
The stem is usually The phoneS ringing. It always snows in January. I play football on Saturdays. It's a beautiful house. D There is more than one way to express the present tense in English.
For exampfe, you can say either I give, I am giving, or occasionally I do give. You can do the same in French. Je vais en France le mois l'm ooino to France next month. Ttp Although English sometimes uses parts of the verb to be to form present tense of other verbs for example, I am listening, shel talking , French NEVER uses the verb 6tre in this way. To know which form of the verb to use in French, you need to work out what the stem of the verb is and then add the correct ending.
The stem of -er verbs in the present tense is formed by taking the infinitive and chopping off -er. Infinitive Stem without -er Q For more information on Spelling changes in -er verbs, see page Now you know how to find the stem of a verb, you can add the correct ending. Pronoun Ending Add to stem, Meanings e.
Marie regarde la t Marie is watching W. Le train arrive d deux heures. The train arrives at 2 o'clock. The stem of -ir verbs in the present tense is formed by taking the infinitive,, D The nous and vous forms of -ir verbs have an extra syllable.
Infinitive vous filnilssez three syllables Stem without -ir finir to finish fin- Key points choisir to choose chois- y' Verbs ending in -i, u"toniiJ,i""'r"lona conjugation and form rempfir to fill, to fill in rempl- their present tense stem by losing the -ir from the infinitive.
Pronoun Ending Add to stem, e. Le cours finit i onze heures. The lesson finishes at eleven o'clock, Je finis mes devoirs. The present tense: regular -re third coniugationl verbs Ttp lf an infinitive ends in -re, it means the verb belongs to the third je changes to j' in front of a word starting with a vowel, most coniugation, for example, attendre, vendre, entendre.
The stem of -re verbs in the present tense is formed by taking the infinitive and chopping off -re. Key points Infinitive Stem without -re y' Yerbsending in -re belonfil,Ii"'l-rtita conjugation and form their present tense stem by losing the -re from the infinitive.
L Now add the correct ending, depending on whether you are referring to je, tu, il, elle, on, nous, vous, ils or elles. J'attends ma s Eur. Chaque matin nous attendons Every morning we wait for the train le train ensemble. A few verbs, though, involve a small spelling doubles before -e, -es and -ent. The double consonant ll affects the change. This is usually to do with how a word is pronounced.
In the tables pronunciation of the word. This is so the letter c is still pronounced as tu appelles in the English word ice. This is so the letter g is still pronounced fike the s in the English word leisure.
The double consonant tt affects the Pronoun Example verb; manger pronunciation of the word. In jeter, the first e sounds like the vowel sound je man9e at the end of the English word teacher, but in iette the first e sounds like tu manges the one in the English word pef. L The exceptions to this rule include acheter meaning to buy , which With verbs such as esp6rer meaning to hope , r6gler meaning to adjust changes in the same way as lever see page So je paie and je paye, for example, are both correct.
The accent changes the pronunciation too. In lever the first e sounds ike the vowel sound at the end of the English word teocher, but in f. Pronoun Example verb: lever je live tu lives il live elle on nous levons vous levez ils livent elles. What are you doing? It's hot. J'4j deux s Durs. I have two sisters. He has blue eyes. She's three. Pronoun aller Meaning: fo go O,u'est-ce qu'il y a? What's the matter?
Je suis heureux. My father's a primary school vais bieni teacher. Pronoun partir tenir ,e parS tien5 t I Using the imperative tu par! These correspond to tu and vous. Je pars demain. Elle tient le b6b6. She is holding the baby. Pronoun -er verbs: Meaning -ir verbs: Meaning -re verbs: Meaning donner finir attendre tu donne give finis finish attends wait nouS donnons Iet's qive finissons lett finish attendons let's wait vous donnez grve finissez finish attendez wait. Finissez vos devoirs et allez Finish your homework and go to vous Goucher, bed.
Attendons le bus. Let's wait for the bus. The s is pronounced like the z in the English word zipi Vaglg! Co on! Donnes:gn d ton frdre. Give some to your brother.
Be good. Veuillez fermer la porte. Please shut the door. Ne me d6range pas. Don't disturb me. Ne leur parlons pas. Let's not speak to them. Ne le regardez pas. The word order is the same as in English. Excuse me. Help us. Orders and instructions telling someone to do something may contain direct obiect and indirect obiect pronouns.
Lend them to me! Give it to us! For further explanation of grammatical terml please see pages viii-xii. Reflexive verbs O,u'est-ce qui se passe? What's happening? Le soleil se ldve d cinq heures.
The sun rises at five o'clock. What is a reflexive verb? Sit down! A reflexive verb is one where the sublect and oblect are the same, and where the action 'reflects back' on the subject. D Some French verbs can be used with a reflexive pronoun or without a reflexive pronoun, for example, the verbs appeler and s'appeler, and tr Using reflexive verbs arrter and s'arr6ter.
Sometimes, however, their meaning may change. Call the dog. They are shown in dictionaries as se Je m'appelle Jacques. He switches off the engine. Elle s'an6te devant une vitrine. She stops in front of a shop window. The forms shown in brackets in the table are used before a word starting with a vowel, most words starting with h, or the French word y. Reflexive verbs are often used to describe things you do to yourself every day or that involve a change of some sort going to bed, sitting down, Subject pronoun Reflexive Dronoun Meaning getting angry, going to sleep.
Some of the most common French reflexive le me m' myself verbs are listed here: tu te t' yourself il se s' himself s'amuser to play, to enjoy oneself elle herself s'appeler to be called on itself s'arr6ter to stop oneself. I get up early. She's getting dressed. The present tense forms of a reflexive verb work in just the same way as an ordinary verb, except that the reflexive pronoun is used as well.
Don't get uP. The French Some of these irregular verbs are shown in the Verb tables. Nous nous parlons tous les We speak to each other every day. On se voit demain? Shall we see each other tomorrow? Je me couche t6t.
I go to bed early. Comment t'appelles-tu? What's your name? Ne te ldve pas. Don't get up. Ne vous habillez pas. Don't get dressed. Get up! Hurry up! Let's get dressed. For further oxplanation of grammatical terms, please see pages viii-xii. The imperfect tense 2l Forming the imperfect tense of -er verbs What is the imperfect tense?
To form the imperfect tense of -er verbs, you use the same stem of the verb The imperfect tense is one of the verb tenses used to talk about the past, as for the present tense. Then you add the correct ending, depending on especially in descriptions, and to say what used to happen, for example, whether you are referring to je, tu, il, elle, on, nous, vous, ils or elles.
I used to wolk to school; lt was sunny at the weekend. Nous habitions d Paris d cette We were living in Paris at that time. L 6poque. You can often recognize an imperfect tense in English because it uses a form like were looking or wos roining. The words used to also show an Pour gagner un peu d'argent, ie To earn a little money I used to imperfect tense. You change words starting with h, and the French word y. Add to stem, tr Forming the imperfect tense of -ir verbs Pronoun Ending e,g, attend- Meanings.
To form the imper-fect tense of -irverbs, you use the same stem of the verb i'c' -als i'attendais I waited asfor the present tense. Then you add the correct ending, depending on I was waiting whether you are referring to jq tq i[ ellg on, nous, voug ils or eller I used to wait tu -at5 tu attendais you waited Pronoun Ending Add to stem, e.
The forms with spelling changes choisissaient une bague de an engagement ring. This is so that the letter c is still pronounced as in the English word lce. Then you add the correct ending, depending on le whether you are referring to ig tu, il elle, on, nous, vous, ils or elles. This is so the letter g is still pronounced like the s in the English word leisure. That is, they change in the on firs! J'6kis heureux. I was happy.
Mon pdre 6tait instituteur. My father was a primary school Subject Reflexive Example with Meaning teacher. The future tense Note that apart from the nous and vous forms, the endings are the m What is the future tense? The future tense is a verb tense used to talk about something that will happen or will be true. For the present tense of ovoir, see page You can use the vous attendrez you will wait French verb aller meaning to go followed by an infinitive in the same way.
You're going to fall if you carry on. He's going to miss the train. Elle te donnera mon adresse. She'll give you my address. Le cours finira ir onze heures. The lesson will finish at eleven Remember that French has no direct equivalent of the word will in o'clock. You change the French We'll wait for you in front of the Nous t'attendrons devant verb ending instead to form the future tense. A Forming the future tense To form the future tense in French, you use: ie changes to j' in front of a word starting with a vowel, o the infinitive of -er and -ir verbs, for example, donner, finir starting with h, and the French word y.
Then add the correct ending to the stem, depending on whether you are tr Spelling changes in'er verbs talking about je, tq if elle, ory nous, vous, ils or elles.
The forms with spelling changes have been underlined in the tables. The double consonant ll affects t hanges to i throughout the future tense.
So ie paierai and ie payerai, for example, are both correct. The exceptions to this rule are geler meaning to freeze and peler meaning to peel , which change in the same way as lever see poge In With verbs such as jeter meaning to throw , that end in -eter, the t lever the first e sounds like the vowel sound at the end of the English doubles throughout the future tense.
The double consonant tt affects the wotd teocher, but in lEverai and so on the first e sounds like the one in pronunciation of the word.
In jeter, the first e sounds like the vowel sound the English word pef. The exceptions to this rule include acheter meaning to buy , which changes in the same way as lever see page For further explanation of grammatical terms, please see pages vlii-xii.
I Iral lwill go The conditional is a verb form used to talk about things that would tu tras you will go happen or that would be true under certain conditions, for example, I. I would be sad if you left. I could come and pick You uP. You should say you're sorry. There is no direct French translation of would in verb forms like y' S. You change the French these in full. The forms with spelling changes have been underlined in ie finirai5 I would finish the tables below. The double consonant ll affects the tu finiraiE you would finish pronunciation of the word.
The double consonant tt affects the je changes to j' in front of a word starting with a vowel, most pronunciation of the word. In jeter, the first e sounds like the vowel sound at the end of the English word teocher, but in ietterais the first e sounds words starting with h, and the French word y. Pronoun Example verb: jeter a Note that you have to be careful not to mix up the future tense and the conditional.
They look very similar. So ie paierais and je payerais, for example, are both correct. With verbs such as lever meanin g to roise , peser meaning to weigh and acheter meaning to buy , e changes to E throughout the conditional' In Ttp lever the first e sounds like the vowel sound at the end of the English word me changes to m', te to t' and se to s' before a vowel, most words teocher, but in liverais and so on the first e sounds like the one in the starting with h and the French word y.
English word pef. Pronoun Example verb: lever le liverais lil lrregular verbs in the conditional tu lEverais L The same verbs that are irregular in the future tense are irregular in the lEverait conditional, including: avoir, etre, faire, aller, devoir, pouvoir, savoir, il elle tenir, venir, voir, vouloir.
Then add the usual endings for the conditional. The perfect tense Gonditional Conditional form What is the perfect tense? I gave her my phone number. I have finished my soup. Je voudrais un kilo de poires, l'd like a kilo of pears, please. In addition, a full glossary gives clear explanations of grammatical terminology.
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